Past Perpect tense

Past Perfect Tense mirip dengan Present Perfect Tense hanya saja beda di waktunya saja. Penekannya pada PERFECT-nya itu, usainya itu. Agar lebih jelas saya ulang sedikit tentang Present Perfect Tense dulu ya.


PRESENT Perfect Tense about an event or events that ENDS (perfect, perfect) today, for example: She has just gone (He just left).Well past perfect tense is the past tense (Past) of the Present Perfect Tense, the so called Past Perfect Tense, both Perfectnya! Obviously yes? Present Perfect Tense when to use the formula S + Have / has + V3 the Past Perfect Tense use the past tense of Has / has the "HAD".Past Perfect Tense formulaPositive: S + had + V3Negative: S + had + not + V3Q: Had + S + V3Past Perfect Tense is often used with other sentences in the form of past tense (Past Tense) are connecting it with conjunctions such as When (when), After (after) to emphasize that Perfectnya (after that) it is in the past.Tense Past Perfect tenses are rarely used tables, but of course you should carefully comprehending of it. Do not be taken lightly!, One day you will need to use it, hehe ..Examples of events like this:"Yesterday he went to my house early in the morning bener, but when he arrived I HAD to go eh". See, look it's gone ALREADY Perfect. You remember the lessons of the Present Perfect is that it is ALREADY characteristics. Its just that it is ALREADY yesterday (past). That is why in this instance we use the Past Perfect Tense.Example sentence:-I had gone When He arrived at my home"I had gone" is the Past Perfect Tense, with subjectnya is I. See there "had" it, and the verb form of the three (V3) is gone. According the formula S + had + V3. Comparison sentences is the past tense: "When He arrived at my home".Examples of other sentences:I had written three articles when you visited my blog for the first time.Past Perfect Tense is so on the "Already, the past". Present Perfect Tense of "Yes, now". The formula is similar, because both Perfect. Each Perfect verb form must be used to-3 in both the main Verb or its auxiliary verb.Another example sentences in Past Perfect Tense:-I had studied hard but I did not make-good result in the exam.Of toll
-You had me twice before I Understood.

Surprise And Disbeliefs

Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :

• What a surprises?
• That’s very surpising!
• Really?
• Oh, no…………..
• Are you serious?
• What?
• That’s unbelieveble!
• Fancy that!
• You’re kidding!
• I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :

o Fantastic!

o How marvelous/beautiful!

o It’s very interesting!

o It’s great!

o It’s terrific!

o Wow, that’s amazing!

o Wonderful!

o What a nice……

o What a lovely flower!

o Hey, that’s really terrific!

Gratitude, Compliment and contratulation

Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.

Kind of gratitude expression are :

v Thank you very much.

v Thanks.

v I’m grateful to…….

v I want to thank.

v I want to express my gratitude to……..

v I keep forgetting to thank you for…….

Respon of expressing :

v You are welcome.

v Don’t mention it.

v Not at all

v It was nothing at all.

v No problem

v Glad to be of help.

v (it was) my pleasure.

v I’m glad I could help.

v I’m glad I could do it.

v I’m glad I could be of help.

Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing :

• What a nice dress.
• You look great.
• You look very nice.
• I really must express my admiration for you………
• Good grades.
• Excellent.
• Nice work.

Time to express compliment :

• On his/her general appearance.
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
• When you visit someone’s hous for the first time.
• When other people do their best.

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expressing :

• Let me congratulate you.
• Congratulations on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good!
• Tha’s great!
• Isn’t that wonderful!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid!
• Pretty good!

Responding :

· Thank you.

· Thanks, I needed that.

· That’s very kind of you.

· It’s very kind of you to say that.

· Do you really think so?

· You’ve made my day!

· The same to you.

· I’m glad you like it.

· Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.

news item

News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

The generic structure of News item :

Headline.

Correspondence.

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Sources :

Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.

Linguistic features :

• Action verbs.
• Verbal verbs.
• Mental verbs.
• Temporal circumstances.
• Spatial circumstances.
• Specific participants

• this example of news item
  Taufik Hidayat Quiting National Badminton Team
  After 13 years of service, which culminated in an Olympic gold medal, shuttler Taufik Hidayat announced Friday his resignation from the national training camp in Jakarta.
  “My decision to resign is final. It’s not an impulse or emotional decision. I’ve been thinking about quitting the national team since 2004, after I won at the Athens Olympics,” he said. “However, people kept on encouraging me to stay in the national team, considering my potential and my youth. Therefore I stayed until 2008.”
  In 2001, Taufik threatened to quit the training camp because of Mulyo’s exclusion. Mulyo is his mentor. He only rejoined the national team after the PBSI agreed to reinstate Mulyo. In 2004, Taufik made yet another threat to quit, and again backed down from it.
  “It’s time for younger players to take the baton. I’m giving way to them. It’s all about regeneration in Indonesian badminton,” he said.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

v Could.

v Might.

v Would.

v Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”

Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”

Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”

3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

Ø To give definite advice.

Example :

Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.

4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

Ø To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

Ø To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

Noun Phrase

Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.

Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.

The function of Noun phrase :

• Subject

Example :

The children play on the forest.

• Object

Example :

My mother buys a basket of vegetables.

• Complement

Example :

Bogor is a rainy location.

The basic structure of Noun phrase :

Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.

Example : The naughty boy.

Finite Verbs

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.

Finite verb can form “Independent clause” which can stand by their own as complete sentences. An independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentences.

In English, only verbs in certain mood are finite. These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

In indicative mood, finite verbs must use verbs.

Example :

§ Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.

§ He has waited his father since morning.

§ The bulldozer demolished the restaurant.

2. Imperative mood : giving a command.

Dalam imperative mood, finite verbs tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.

Example :

§ Positive command : “Help me, please!”

§ Negative verb : “Don’t do that!”

Simple Present tense

• Nominal :

(+ ) S + to be + Complement (noun, adjective, and adverb).

( - ) S + to be + not + Complement.

( ? )to be + S + Complement + ?

Example :

(+ ) Reza is always happy.

( - ) Reza is not always happy.

( ? )Is Reza always happy?

• Verbal :

(+ ) S + Verb 1(s/es) + O.

( - ) S + do/does + not + Verb 1 + O.

( ? )do/does + S + Verb 1 + O + ?

Example :

(+ ) I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( - ) I do not usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( ? )Do I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning?

Simple present tense used to show :

• Daily routines or habitual action :

Example :

(+ ) Hamirat always swims in the afternoon.

( - ) Hamirat does not always swim in the afternoon.

( ? )Does Hamirat always swim in the afternoon?

• An action that happen in the present time if followed with stative verbs. Example of stative verbs are : know, understand, have, believe, hate, need, hear, love, appear, see, like, seem, smell, want, taste, wish, sound own and etc.

Example :

(+ ) They understand the problem now.

( - ) They don’t understand the problem now.

( ? )Do They understand the problem now?

Note :

1. In positive sentences or affirmative, add s/es to the main verbs of the sentences whose subject is the third person singular (he, she, it ). And if the sentences whose subject I, you, we, and they, so the verbs still in the main verbs.

2. In negative sentences, after subject he, she, and it used “does not”, and after subject I, you, we, and they used “do not”.

3. In interrogative sentences, in front subject he, she, and it used “does”, and in front subject I, you, we and they used “do”.

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement, keep the following points :

· The title/type of event.

· Date/time.

· Place.

· Who to contact.

Example of announcement :

School Announcement

Saturday morning football matches will begin on Saturday, January 1. the events will run from 15.00 – 17.00 pm for the next four weeks. The final tournament will be held on February 8. for more information, contact Ari (021) 7891023.

Recount Text

Recount text is a kind of text to tells the reader a past event or experience in a chronological order. That’s why, it uses simple past tense.

Recount text usually focuses on a person’s past experience, so it usually uses the word “I or we”.

The generic structure of recount text :

Ø Orientation :

Tells the readers who was involved in the story, what happened, where the story took place, and when it happened.

Ø Events :

Tell the sequence of events.

Ø Re-orientation :

Summarises the event.

Example of recount text :

Barbecue in the park

Last Sunday, we went to the park. David’s family invited us to a barbecue party in the park. We lived nearby so we just walked there.

When we got the park, there were not many people yet. David’s family was already there. They arrived there early to get the best picnic spot with an electronic barbecue grill nearby. When I arrived, they were cleaning the barbecue. They made sure the barbecue was clean. When it was clean, they turned the barbecue on by pushing the button. The electric stove turned on and the metal plate became hot.

David’s mother put some cooking oil on the metal plate, and after that put some sausages, beef steaks and some onions on the barbecue. Meanwhile, David’s father was preparing the bread, butter, and the drinks.

While waiting for the meat to cook, David and I joined our friends playing football. When we got tired, we stopped and enjoyed the sausages, steaks, and some cold softdrinks.

The food was delicious. I think David’s mother is one of the best cooks in the world.

EXPRESSING SYMPHATY

Expressing sympathy is used to expression sympathy felling or care to someone who has problem or accident.

Kinds of expressing sympathy :

Ø That’s awfull.

Ø That’s a shame. Poor you.

Ø That’s a pity. I express my deeps.

Ø That’s a terrible.

Ø That’s too bad.

Ø That’s dread full.

Ø What a shame.

Ø What a pity.

Ø How terrible!

Ø How dread full!

Ø I’m sorry to hear that.

Ø I’m sorry to know that.

Ø I’m sympathy with you.

Ø I’m so sad to hear that.

Ø I’m so sad to know that.

Ø I can sympathy.

Ø I know the felling.

Ø I know what you feel.

Ø Oh no………

Ø Oh dear………!

Accepting sympathy :

Ø Thank you.

Ø Thanks.

Ø Thank you very much.

Ø Thank you so much.

ADVERTISEMENT

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that will attract them to the service and the things that offered or informed.

Function of Advertisement :

1. Promotion.
2. Comunication.
3. Information.

Language of Advertisement keep the following points :

· Using the correct or suitable words.

· Using the interesting and suggestive expression.

· Using positive expression.

· Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.

Content of Advertisement :

v Objective and honest.

v Brief and clear.

v Not allude group or other producer.

v Attract attention.

Media of Advertisement :

§ By television.

§ By radio.

§ Bilboard.

§ Leaflet.

§ Famflet.

§ Newspaper.

§ Magazine.

Kinds of Advertisement :

Ø Family advertisement.

Ø Invitation advertisement.

Ø Announcement advertisement.

Ø Article advertisement.

Ø Requested advertisement.

Ø Sponsored advertisement.

Ø Offer advertisement.

NARATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

The generic structure of Narrative text :

1. Orientation :

It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).

2. Complication :

Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.

3. Resolution :

The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.

4. Re-orientation :

The ending of the story.

5. Evaluation :

The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story

Linguistic features :

1. Use active verbs.

2. Use past tense.

3. Use conjunction.

4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).

5. Use specific nouns.

6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :

1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.

2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.

3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.

4. Science fiction

Example of Narrative text :

Sleeping Beauty

Long ago there lived a King and Queen who said every day, "If only we had a child!" But for a long time they had none.

One day, as the Queen was bathing in a spring and dreaming of a child, a frog crept out of the water and said to her, "Your wish shall be fulfilled. Before a year has passed you shall bring a daughter into the world."

And since frogs are such magical creatures, it was no surprise that before a year had passed the Queen had a baby girl. The child was so beautiful and sweet that the King could not contain himself for joy. He prepared a great feast and invited all his friends, family and neighbours. He invited the fairies, too, in order that they might be kind and good to the child. There were thirteen of them in his kingdom, but as the King only had twelve golden plates for them to eat from, one of the fairies had to be left out. None of the guests was saddened by this as the thirteenth fairy was known to be cruel and spiteful.

An amazing feast was held and when it came to an end, each of the fairies presented the child with a magic gift. One fairy gave her virtue, another beauty, a third riches and so on -- with everything in the world that anyone could wish for.

After eleven of the fairies had presented their gifts, the thirteenth suddenly appeared. She was angry and wanted to show her spite for not having been invited to the feast. Without hesitation she called out in a loud voice,

"When she is fifteen years old, the Princess shall prick herself with a spindle and shall fall down dead!"

Then without another word, she turned and left the hall.

The guests were horrified and the Queen fell to the floor sobbing, but the twelfth fairy, whose wish was still not spoken, quietly stepped forward. Her magic could not remove the curse, but she could soften it so she said,

"Nay, your daughter shall not die, but instead shall fall into a deep sleep that will last one hundred years."

Over the years, the promises of the fairies came true -- one by one. The Princess grew to be beautiful, modest, kind and clever. Everyone who saw her could not help but love her.

The King and Queen were determined to prevent the curse placed on the Princess by the spiteful fairy and sent out a command that all the spindles in the whole kingdom should be destroyed. No one in the kingdom was allowed to tell the Princess of the curse that had been placed upon her for they did not want her to worry or be sad.

On the morning of her fifteenth birthday, the Princess awoke early -- excited to be another year older. She was up so early in the morning, that she realized everyone else still slept. The Princess roamed through the halls trying to keep herself occupied until the rest of the castle awoke. She wandered about the whole place, looking at rooms and halls as she pleased and at last she came to an old tower. She climbed the narrow, winding staircase and reached a little door. A rusty key was sticking in the lock and when she turned it, the door flew open.

In a little room sat an old woman with a spindle, busily spinning her flax. The old woman was so deaf that she had never heard the King's command that all spindles should be destroyed.

“Good morning, Granny," said the Princess, "what are you doing?"

"I am spinning," said the old woman.

"What is the thing that whirls round so merrily?" asked the Princess and she took the spindle and tried to spin too.

But she had scarcely touched the spindle when it pricked her finger. At that moment she fell upon the bed which was standing near and lay still in a deep sleep.

The King, Queen and servants had all started their morning routines and right in the midst of them fell asleep too. The horses fell asleep in the stable, the dogs in the yard, the doves on the roof and the flies on the wall. Even the fire in the hearth grew still and went to sleep. The kitchen maid, who sat with a chicken before her, ready to pluck its feathers, fell asleep. The cook was in the midst of scolding the kitchen boy for a mess he'd made but they both fell fast asleep. The wind died down and on the trees in front of the castle not a leaf stirred.

Round the castle a hedge of brier roses began to grow up. Every year it grew higher until at last nothing could be seen of the sleeping castle.

There was a legend in the land about the lovely Sleeping Beauty, as the King's daughter was called, and from time to time Princes came and tried to force their way through the hedge and into the castle. But they found it impossible for the thorns, as though they were alive, grabbed at them and would not let them through.

After many years a Prince came again to the country and heard an old man tell the tale of the castle which stood behind the brier hedge and the beautiful Princess who had slept within for a hundred years. He heard also that many Princes had tried to make it through the brier hedge but none had succeeded and many had been caught in it and died.

The the young Prince said, "I am not afraid. I must go and see this Sleeping Beauty."

The good old man did all in his power to persuade him not to go, but the Prince would not listen.

Now the hundred years were just ended. When the Prince approached the brier hedge it was covered with beautiful large roses. The shrubs made way for him of their own accord and let him pass unharmed.

In the courtyard, the Prince saw the horses and dogs lying asleep. On the roof sat the sleeping doves with their heads tucked under their wings. When he went into the house, the flies were asleep on the walls and the servants asleep in the halls. Near the throne lay the King and Queen, sleeping peacefully beside each other. In the kitchen the cook, the kitchen boy and the kitchen maid all slept with their heads resting on the table.

The Prince went on farther. All was so still that he could hear his own breathing. At last he reached the tower and opened the door into the little room where the Princess was asleep. There she lay, looking so beautiful that he could not take his eyes off her. He bent down and gave her a kiss. As he touched her, Sleeping Beauty opened her eyes and smiled up at him.

Throughout the castle, everyone and everything woke up and looked at each other with astonished eyes. Within the month, the Prince and Sleeping Beauty were married and lived happily all their lives.